Educational Mismatch as a Challenge of Stakeholder Inclusion in the Context of Excellence According to the EFQM 2020 Model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37886/ruo.2026.004Keywords:
educational mismatch, graduates’ competencies, school-to-work transition, youth employability, stakeholders, model EFQM 2020, criterion M3, education alignmentAbstract
Research Question (RQ): Why does educational mismatch occur, and how can stakeholder involvement based on model EFQM 2020 Criterion M3 serve as an effective mechanism for reducing it?
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explain the causes of the mismatch between graduates’ competencies and labour-market demands and to demonstrate how cooperation between educational institutions, employers, the state, and young people can improve competency planning and employability.
Method: The research is based on a qualitative systematic literature review of sources published between 2020 and 2025. The analysis includes empirical studies from Scopus and ScienceDirect as well as Slovenian academic sources. The findings were thematically categorised according to causes, consequences, and the role of stakeholders in accordance with model EFQM Criterion M3.
Results: The findings show that educational mismatch arises from structural imbalances, outdated curricula, insufficient practical skills, and weak cooperation among stakeholders. The consequences include lower wages, unstable employment, limited career opportunities, and increased psychological burden for young people. Stakeholder inclusion under Criterion M3 is identified as a key mechanism for aligning education with labour-market needs.
Organization: Organizations benefit from better-qualified graduates, lower onboarding costs, and improved productivity. Educational institutions gain more relevant curricula and stronger links with industry.
Society: At the societal level, stakeholder cooperation enhances competitiveness, innovation, and faster school-to-work transitions.
Originality: This study systematically links educational mismatch with model EFQM 2020 Criterion M3 and proposes an integrated conceptual framework that highlights stakeholder involvement as a central factor in reducing mismatch.Schwe
Limitations/Future Research: The research is limited to secondary sources from 2020–2025. Future studies should include empirical data from stakeholders and cross-country comparisons.
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